Development of Social Media and Growth of International Tourists Motivate the Cycling Tourism at Vineyard

Case Study on The Cycling Tourism at Wine Region of Barossa, Australia

  • Le développement des médias sociaux et la croissance des touristes internationaux motivent le cyclotourisme dans la région viticole. Étude de cas sur le cyclotourisme dans la région viticole de Barossa, Australie

Index

Mots-clés

médias sociaux, tourisme, cyclotourisme, région de Barossa, Australie

Keywords

social media, tourism, cycling tourism, Barossa region, Australia

Plan

Texte

Taking the opportunity of publishing this paper, the author Zhensen CHEN (Jexpo) gives the faithful gratitude and highest appreciation to the two co-authors Dr. Markus SCHUCKERT and Dr. Murray MACKENZIE for their insightful instructions and considerate supports during the process of study on wine tourism. In an open-styled teaching mode, the two professors have raised my interest in exploring the insights of wine tourism by their accurately comprehending the subject and extensively quoting the academic literatures.
Special thanks are also given by the author Zhensen CHEN to Dr. Neil LI Hengyun for his smart teaching technique on Research Methodology. The knowledge of research methods with tools of data collection and data analysis enable the author to run the data and draw the conclusion.
Last but not least, the author Zhensen CHEN also thanks the classmates Jacqueline CAO Yu and Francis HUI Shu Tam for their encouragements during the study on wine tourism and composing of this article.

Introduction

Wine tourism towards the vineyard and winery brings a different experience to tourists which contains sightseeing activities indoor and outdoor, as well as drinking and shopping wines in a wide variety. As a new business, wine tourism requires some efforts in marketing to promote in order to attract the global tourists, particularly the young generation. Academic researches have been done to study the impact from digital marketing to the performance of tourism in wine region, as digital marketing plays an important role in modern business. But seldom research has been done on the how the development of social media motivates the tourism activity at the vineyard in the new world and the old world. So this is the gap for this article to research. In order to further the understanding of impact from the development of social media to the flourishing of wine tourism activity, a wine region named Barossa in Australia and an activity of cycling tourism at the vineyard were selected as the sample destination and activity respectively for academic study.

Literature review

Wine tourism and cycling tour

Since wine tourism is getting popular, it becomes a new pillar of national economics for many areas, like Napa Valley of United States. Cycling tour, as one of the activities and experiences at the vineyard, captures people’s attentions in the advertisement of wine tourism of a destination. Managing Director of the Wine Trail, Stephen Dallyn has pointed out that cycling itinerary to the wine region augments guests’ holiday experience1. Cycling is also listed as the top-3 sporting activities with golf and hiking in the strategy plan of wine region Niagara-on-the-lake2. Occasion appears not only in the Old World, wine and other attractions are also combined into a product portfolio of tourism in Saale-Unstrut Region of Germany; in this product, cycling and other sightseeing to culture points with interest have boosted the local wine tourism3. At the top-level vocation tourism development at wine region, activities like cycling, riding, walking, swimming and squash, etc. are listed to be the active attractions for wine region in west Australia4. In this regard, who will be the major customer of cycling tour at wine region? For a hot destination in worldwide like Australia, are international tourists the major customers of cycling tour at their vineyards? So hereby we come to the first hypothesis:

Hypothesis 1: Growth of international tourist has positive effect on cycling tourism at vineyard

Social media development

Pursuant to the statistics from US market, capitals input to global social advertisement in 2017 reached US$ 32 billion; 66% of corporate used Facebook and Instagram, 62% used Twitter and 56% used Linkedln5. Studies have shown up the social media delivers the memorable tourism experiences narrated by past visitors on social media to strange friends on virtual circles, influencing their intention to visit the destination6. That is also the reason why wineries in United States are very popular to adopt Facebook, Twitter, etc. to engage with current and potential tourists through digital networking7.

Illustration 1: YouTube, Instagram and Snapchat are the most popular online platforms among teens.

Illustration 1: YouTube, Instagram and Snapchat are the most popular online platforms among teens.

Source: Teens, Social Media and Technology 2018 (Anderson, 2018).

Per study among teens, percentage of social media users among smart device users soars in high. Study by scholars from Soroma State University proves that 87% of wineries have increased the sales performance via social media practices with the tourists and consumers8. Due to international tourists use social media to acquire the information and book their trips, will they also know the service and activity of cycling tour at wine region via social media? So here comes the hypothesis 2:

Hypothesis 2: Development of social media has positive effect on cycling tourism at vineyard

Wine region of Barossa

Illustration 2: Map of Barossa Valley.

Illustration 2: Map of Barossa Valley.

Source: Lovely Planet (Planet, 2019)

As one of the century-old wine regions, Barossa Valley enjoys a high reputation in wine world. Most of the wine brands in Australia own their renown wineries in Barossa Valley like Penfolds, Wolf Blass, Orlando, etc. Except the success in wine-making and selling, Barossa Valley is also attractive to tourists by its charming landscape with foothills, compared to flatter valley floor vineyards9. Therefore, the uniqueness, professionalism in wine-making, hot comments from KOL of win and a vividly described vocation style integrate with the natural attraction, making Barossa a dream destination for global tourists10. During 2015~17, the average international overnight tourism receipts in South Australia including Barossa are listed in table below:

Illustration 3: Annual Average International Overnight Visits September 2015~September 2017.

Illustration 3: Annual Average International Overnight Visits September 2015~September 2017.

Source: International Visitor Survey, Sept 2015~2017, Not Shown: Adelaide, Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Murray River, Lakes and Coorong. Regions are listed alphabetically (Australia, 2018).

In order to diversify the tourism products and provide better experience to tourists, Barossa introduced the activity of cycling tour from 2013, and acquired a steady growth in past several years.

Therefore, based on the above elaboration, a framework for research can be drawn out as below:

Illustration 4: Conceptual framework of research on how the development of social media and growth of international tourists motivate the cycling tourism at vineyard.

Illustration 4: Conceptual framework of research on how the development of social media and growth of international tourists motivate the cycling tourism at vineyard.

Composed by the authors.

Methodology

Introduction and design

In this paper, quantitative research method will be used, which is a process of clarification and definition by statistical tests and tools to work on the subjects for understanding their relevance and reliability11. Based on data from survey, quantitative research is good at summarizing the findings through the procedure of calculation or working on data thus to testify the hypothesis, as well as providing some extra merits e.g. generalizability12.

Data collection

Data of the IV and DV are collected from internet, including the portal websites, journals, books and other publications. First step, data for IV1 - growth of international tourists are collected from Tourism Australia Board who publishes the figure of tourists, including domestic and international, periodically on its website. Second step, data for IV2 - development of social media are collected from Tourism Australia Board as well. As a result of collection, number of international tourists visiting Australia per year and number of fans/followers to the social media account of Tourism Australia Board online can be captured and gather in the table below:

Numbers of international tourists to Australia, international tourism receipt and social media fans/followers to the account of Tourism Australia Board on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter in 2014~2017.

Illustration 5: Numbers of international tourists to Australia, international tourism receipt and social media fans/followers to the account of Tourism Australia Board on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter in 2014~2017.

Year International Tourist Number (Person) International Tourism Receipt ($) Fans /Followers on Facebook Fans /Followers on Instagram Fans /Followers on Twitter Total Number of Fans /Followers
2014 7,100,000 3,108,000,000.00 6,200,000 1,000,000 235,0000 7,435,000
2015 7,800,000 3,660,000,000.00 7,100,000 2,200,000 503,800 9,803,800
2016 8,500,000 3,910,000,000.00 7,900,000 2,700,000 600,000 11,200,000
2017 9,100,000 4,250,000,000.00 8,850,000 3,170,000 660,000 12,680,000

Source: Tourism Australia Board (Board, 2014), (Board, 2015), (Board, 2016), (Board, 2017), numbers recorded by the author.

The third step of data collection is for DV - Cycling tourism at vineyard. With the case study at Barossa Valley, data can be collected from the The Barossa Council who published annual report regularly in past years.

Illustration 6: Numbers of bicycle rent and rental income in the vineyards of Barossa Valley within 2014~2017.

Year Number of bicycle rent (pc) Revenue of bicycle rental ($)
2014 30 1,000.00
2015 374 13,070.00
2016 873 30,505.00
2017 884 32,460.00

Source: The Barossa Council (Council, 2014),(Council, 2015),(Council, 2016),(Council, 2017), numbers recorded by the author.

Data analysis

Method of regression is used in this case, which is the most popular analysis method to identify how variables are influencing internally or externally13.

Findings

The first pair of IV-DV is International Tourist Number - Bicycle Rental

After applying the numbers of these two variables into SPSS system or MicroSoft Excel, the result presents as below:

Figure 7: Regression analysis result

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.972726951
R Square 0.946197721
Adjusted R Square 0.919296581
Standard Error 4253.143943
Observations 4
ANOVA
Df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 636255252 636255252 35.17314625 0.027273049
Residual 2 36178466.8 18089233.4
Total 3 672433718.8
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept -117447.7642 23148.5596 -5.07365323 0.036720688
Tourist number 0.016825417 0.002837006 5.930695259 0.027273049

Source: SPSS or MicroSoft Excel, results worked out by the author

Result of analysis:
P value = 0.027, less than 0.05; it means the data used are valid for analysis.
R2 value = 0.946, quite high; it means the analysis is reliable.
Coefficient = 0.017, it means every increasing of tourist number by 1 unit will lead to an increasing of bicycle rental by 0.017 unit.

The second pair of IV-DV is Fans on Social Media - Bicycle Rental

Run the regression analysis as above, and the result presents as below:

Figure 8: Regression analysis result

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.967413312
R Square 0.935888516
Adjusted R Square 0.903832775
Standard Error 4642.775209
Observations 4
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 629322995.5 629322995.5 29.19565935 0.032586688
Residual 2 43110723.28 21555361.64
Total 3 672433718.8
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept -47487.70352 12569.13151 -3.778121302 0.063460573
Fans on Social Media 0.006493035 0.001201679 5.403300782 0.032586688

Source: SPSS or MicroSoft Excel, results worked out by the author

Result of analysis:
P value = 0.033, less than 0.05; it means the data used are valid for analysis.
R2 value = 0.935, quite high; it means the analysis is reliable.
Coefficient = 0.006, it means every increasing of fans on social media by 1 unit will lead to an increasing of bicycle rental by 0.006 unit.

Through the data collection and analysis run by SPSS or MicroSoft Excel, both IVs, namely the number of international tourists to Australia and number of fans/followers on social media to the account of Tourism Australia Board on Facebook/Instagram/Twitter, have positive effect on the DV, namely the revenue of bicycle rental. The data collected from the sample destination are valid enough to work out the findings and draw the conclusion as below.

Conclusion

Since both the IVs have positive effect on the DV, this means both the two hypothesis are proved to be accepted, that growth of international tourist has positive effect on cycling tourism at vineyard, and development of social media has positive effect on cycling tourism at vineyard. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn as: the development of social media and growth of international tourists motivate the cycling tourism at vineyard. As a sustainable activity at vineyard, cycling tour is warmly introduced by the vineyard at the wine region, and it’s welcomed by wine tourists as proved above. This will be meaningful for consideration of further expansion to other sustainable activities thus to diversify the service at the vineyard, which will bring more experience to wine tourists and more revenues to the wine region. Furthermore, the study can also be applied to other factors which effecting the sustainable activities at the wine region, internally or externally. In addition, this study can also accumulate the experiences for further study to other wine regions, especially the New World like New Zealand, South Africa, etc. Some new coming articles have been published online which are focusing on Chinese wine regions, named as Third World of Wine. This study also can be a good tool for some trial study to the wine regions in China and other country belonging to the Third World.

Due to the time limit in a tight schedule and budget, data are collected in a small size, covering four years from 2014 to 2017. Since the wine tourism has emerged for dozens of years, and social media has emerged for roughly ten years, the data collected for 4 years is quite limited. Another limit lies in the number of sample - Barossa Wine Region only in this study, which may lead to some bias. One of the big limits lies in shortage of data about major social media used among Chinese, which may also lead to some bias, due to China becomes No. 1 in the world in terms of social media users; another important reason is due to China becomes the major origin of international tourists for Australia in the recent years. Therefore, the behavior of Chinese tourists shall be studied in order to work out the full picture of relationship among the IVs and DV. Further research may be conducted to expand the horizons multiple perspectives e.g. wider timing span from 2010 when the social media appeared until 2018 when relevant data can be collected from the tourism boards and other authorities or wine associations; broader regions in wine world like Napa Valley which is another hot destination for global wine tourists, and also the Old World like Italy or France to provide the comparison with the New World, even the Third World like China; research may also be conducted on other activities e.g. hiking, swimming, etc., even golf which is an newly emerging activity in fond of many millionaires in worldwide. Topics related to golf activity in vineyard may attract broad attentions in the society due to the change of lifestyle especially among the young tourists who eager to experience a brand-new lifestyle and the culture of wine, which can bring a good integration for this group of people in interest.

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Notes

1 B. Cambourne, N. Macionis, C. M. Hall and L, “Sharples, The Future of Wine Tourism”, Wine Tourism Around The World: Development, Management and Markets, 2000, p. 297-320. Retour au texte

2 D. J. Telfer, “Strategic Alliances along The Niagara Wine Route”, Tourism management, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2001, p. 21-30. Retour au texte

3 A. Dreyer and J. Müller, “Opportunities of Cooperative Marketing Using The Example of The Wine Region Saale-Unstrut”, Food, Agri-Culture and Tourism, Springer2011, p. 102-118. Retour au texte

4 G. Beames, The Rock, “The Reef and The Grape: The Challenges of Developing Wine Tourism in Regional Australia”, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2003, p. 205-212. Retour au texte

5 www.statista.com. The Statistics Portal. Social Media Marketing, 2019, URL: https://www.statista.com/topics/1538/social-media-marketing/ Retour au texte

6 A. Tham, G. Croy and J. Mair, “Social Media in Destination Choice: Distinctive Electronic Word-of-Mouth Dimensions”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2013, p. 144-155. Retour au texte

7 J. Olsen and J. Hermsmeyer, “Winery Direct to Consumer and Wine 2.0”, Thach L and Matz T (eds), Wine: A Global Business, NY, Miranda Press, 2009, p. 219–234 ; L. Thach, T. Lease and M. Barton, “Exploring the impact of social media practices on wine sales in US wineries”, Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2016, p. 272-283. Retour au texte

8 L. Thach, T. Lease and M. Barton, “Exploring the impact of social media practices on wine sales in US wineries”, Op. cit. Retour au texte

9 A. Government, “Australian Grape and Wine Authority”. Wine Australia, 2019, URL: https://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/agwp Retour au texte

10 C. Easingwood, L. Lockshin and A. Spawton, “The Drivers of Wine Regionality”, Journal of Wine Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2011, p. 19-33. Retour au texte

11 O. P. Atieno, “An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms”, Problems of Education in the 21st Century, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2009, p. 13-38. Retour au texte

12 M. A. Hughes and D. E. Garrett, “Intercoder reliability estimation approaches in marketing: A generalizability theory framework for quantitative data”, Journal of marketing research, 1990, p.185-195 Retour au texte

13 N. R. Draper and H. Smith, Applied regression analysis (Vol. 326), John Wiley & Sons, 2014 Retour au texte

Illustrations

  • Illustration 1: YouTube, Instagram and Snapchat are the most popular online platforms among teens.

    Illustration 1: YouTube, Instagram and Snapchat are the most popular online platforms among teens.

    Source: Teens, Social Media and Technology 2018 (Anderson, 2018).

  • Illustration 2: Map of Barossa Valley.

    Illustration 2: Map of Barossa Valley.

    Source: Lovely Planet (Planet, 2019)

  • Illustration 3: Annual Average International Overnight Visits September 2015~September 2017.

    Illustration 3: Annual Average International Overnight Visits September 2015~September 2017.

    Source: International Visitor Survey, Sept 2015~2017, Not Shown: Adelaide, Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Murray River, Lakes and Coorong. Regions are listed alphabetically (Australia, 2018).

  • Illustration 4: Conceptual framework of research on how the development of social media and growth of international tourists motivate the cycling tourism at vineyard.

    Illustration 4: Conceptual framework of research on how the development of social media and growth of international tourists motivate the cycling tourism at vineyard.

    Composed by the authors.

Citer cet article

Référence électronique

Zhensen Chen, Markus Schuckert et Murray Mackenzie, « Development of Social Media and Growth of International Tourists Motivate the Cycling Tourism at Vineyard », Territoires du vin [En ligne], 13 | 2021, publié le 15 décembre 2021 et consulté le 07 décembre 2024. Droits d'auteur : Licence CC BY 4.0. URL : http://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/index.php?id=2163

Auteurs

Zhensen Chen

School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Markus Schuckert

Associate Professor of The School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Articles du même auteur

Murray Mackenzie

Assistant Professor of William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Droits d'auteur

Licence CC BY 4.0